___________ is the process of observation, scaffolding and increasingly independent practice through which a learner can advance towards expertise.

Cognitive apprenticeship is the process of observation, scaffolding and gradually independent practice by which a learner moves toward expertise.

Adaptation is Piaget's process of adjusting to the environment through assimilation and accommodation, not this apprenticeship model.

Modification means altering something to suit needs, a general term that does not define this learning process.

Concept mapping is a visual technique for showing relationships among ideas, not a practice-based route to expertise.

Cognitive apprenticeship was proposed by Collins, Brown and Newman, making expert thinking visible to novices.

Its methods include modelling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection and exploration.