According to the classical Indian school of logic (Nyaya), which of the following steps of inference (anumana) corresponds to the application (upanaya)?

1.That mountain has fire

2.Whatever has smoke has fire, for example an oven

3.That mountain has smoke such as is invariably accompanied by fire

4.Because it has smoke

5.Therefore that mountain has fire

A3 only ✓ Correct

B1 only

C3 & 5 only

D4 only

Correct answer: (A) 3 only

Explanation

Statement 3 is the upanaya, the application step of the Nyaya syllogism.

Upanaya applies the established universal concomitance to the present case.

It restates that the mountain shows smoke of the kind invariably joined with fire.

Statement 1 is the pratijna, 2 the udaharana, 4 the hetu and 5 the nigamana.

Only the case-linking application matches upanaya, so Statement 3 is it.

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