For optimising self-learning which of the following motivational principles will be most helpful?

Providing scope to satisfy the need for competence best optimises self-learning, since feeling capable fuels intrinsic motivation.

Reward and punishment rely on external control, which can undermine self-directed intrinsic motivation.

Fulfilling the relatedness need supports belonging but is less central than competence for independent self-learning.

Promoting status needs appeals to ego and comparison, not the mastery that drives self-learning.

Self-Determination Theory by Deci and Ryan names autonomy, competence and relatedness as basic psychological needs.

Intrinsic motivation grows when learners feel competent and self-directed.