In which of the following arguments is the reason counterbalanced by another reason, as per the classical Indian school of logic (Nyaya)? Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

1.All things are non-eternal, because they are knowable

2.Fire is cold because it is a substance

3.Sound is eternal because it is produced

4.Sound is a quality, because it is visible

A2 and 3 only ✓ Correct

B1 and 4 only

C3 and 4 only

D2 and 4 only

Correct answer: (A) 2 and 3 only

Explanation

In statements 2 and 3 the offered reason is met by an equally strong opposing reason.

For 'fire is cold because it is a substance', being a substance equally accompanies hot things.

The reason therefore supports the opposite verdict just as readily as the stated one.

For 'sound is eternal because it is produced', being produced is exactly the mark of the non-eternal.

A reason balanced by a rival of equal force is the counterbalanced (satpratipaksha) fault.

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