In which of the following types of electricity power plants are turbines not required?

Solar photovoltaic plants convert sunlight directly into electricity, needing no turbine.

Geothermal plants use underground steam to spin turbines.

Nuclear plants heat water into steam that turns turbines.

Hydro plants pass flowing water through turbines to generate power.

Only direct photovoltaic conversion skips the turbine and generator stage entirely.

Solar thermal plants, unlike photovoltaic ones, do use turbines driven by steam.