Over the past 100 years, the estimated rise of global sea level is 10-25 cm or more. Which of the following has the maximum contribution to it?

Over the last century the largest single contributor to sea level rise has been thermal expansion, as warming ocean water expands in volume.

Melting of mountain glaciers and ice caps adds substantial water but has contributed less than thermal expansion over this period.

Thinning of the Greenland ice sheet adds meltwater too, yet its share has been comparatively small.

Changes in land water storage from dams and groundwater use affect sea level only marginally.

Warmer water simply occupies more space, so heat uptake by the oceans directly raises the sea surface.

As warming accelerates, ice sheet loss is expected to overtake expansion as the dominant future driver.