Research misconduct includes which of the following?

1.Data fabrication

2.Plagiarism

3.Data falsification

4.Differences of opinion

5.Data validation

A1, 2, 3 & 5 only

B3, 4 & 5 only

C4 & 5 only

D1, 2 & 3 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 2 & 3 only

Explanation

Research misconduct comprises data fabrication, plagiarism and data falsification, the classic FFP, so statements 1, 2 and 3 apply.

Differences of opinion are honest scholarly disagreement, not misconduct.

Data validation is a legitimate quality-check practice, not misconduct.

Fabrication is inventing data or results that were never obtained.

Falsification is manipulating or altering genuine data or findings.

Plagiarism is presenting another's work or ideas as one's own.

Want more like this? Create a free account to practise a full test, track your progress, and get spaced-repetition review.