The approach based on the assumption that social phenomena can be explained by observing cause and effect is

Positivism assumes social phenomena can be explained by observing regular cause-and-effect relationships.

Interpretivism rejects this causal-law model and seeks the subjective meanings behind action.

The qualitative approach emphasises depth and context rather than the observation of causal laws.

The none choice is wrong because positivism precisely names this cause-effect assumption.

Positivism borrows the deterministic, law-seeking logic of the natural sciences.

Emile Durkheim's study of suicide is a classic positivist analysis of social causes.