The extent to which the design and data of a research study allow the researcher to draw accurate conclusions about cause-and-effect and other relationships within the data is

Internal validity is the extent to which the design allows accurate conclusions about relationships within the data.

External validity concerns generalisation beyond the study, a different question.

Situational validity is not a recognised standard type of validity.

Face validity only judges surface-level apparent relevance.

Internal validity depends on ruling out confounding and extraneous variables.

Control, randomisation and matching are the main devices that protect it.