When studies on a given topic lead to similar conclusions, the measurements show

When separate studies on a topic reach similar conclusions, the measurements display convergent validity.

Convergent validity is the agreement of results that theory expects to point the same way.

Criterion validity instead checks a measure against an external, established criterion.

Divergent validity is shown when measures of unrelated concepts fail to correlate, as they should.

Construct validity is the overarching fit between a measure and its theoretical construct.

Repeated convergence across studies strengthens confidence through replication.