The writers who profess to write the history of the Revolution that was enacted in India in 1857 do not try to discuss the real causes that led to it. On all great religious and political revolutions it is impossible to connect together the links apparently inconsistent without thoroughly understanding the principles which are at work. Mazzini, in a critical article on Carlyle's French Revolution, has said that every revolution must have a fundamental principle. A revolutionary movement cannot be based on flimsy and momentary grievances. The great principles of the 1857 revolt were Swadharma and Swaraj. Equally misleading is the theory that the rising was due to the annexation of Oudh or to the greased cartridges. The emperor of Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar, in his proclamation of Swaraj, said: Hindus and Muslims of India, arise, arise, O brothers.