Which of the following arguments is an example of the fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha according to Nyaya, the classical Indian school of logic?

ASound is a quality because it is visible

BSound is eternal because it is audible ✓ Correct

CFire is cold because it is a substance

DWherever there is fire, there is smoke

Correct answer: (B) Sound is eternal because it is audible

Explanation

Sound is eternal because it is audible is the example of the vyapyatvasiddha fallacy.

Here the reason is audibility and the probandum is eternality.

Vyapyatvasiddha arises when the reason's invariable concomitance with the probandum is not established.

Audibility belongs to sound alone, so no positive instance links audibility with eternality.

With no genuine pervasion secured, the middle stands as an unestablished vyapya, the vyapyatvasiddha defect.

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