Which of the following commission or committee recommended the closure of substandard colleges before Independence?

The Raleigh Commission's work led to powers to close or disaffiliate substandard colleges before independence.

The Hunter Commission focused on primary and grant-in-aid matters, not weeding out colleges.

The Sadler Commission examined Calcutta University and university reform, not this closure.

The Hartog Committee stressed consolidation and quality but is not the body meant here.

The Raleigh Commission of 1902 preceded the Indian Universities Act of 1904.

That Act tightened government control over affiliation and standards.