Which of the following is a flexibility mechanism under Kyoto protocol ?

1.Joint Implementation (JI)

2.Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)

3.Common Minimum Programme (CMP)

4.International Emission Trading (IET)

5.Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

A1, 2 & 5 only

B1, 3 & 5 only

C1, 3 & 4 only

D1, 4 & 5 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 4 & 5 only

Explanation

The Kyoto Protocol offered three market-based flexibility mechanisms to help countries meet their emission targets.

Joint Implementation lets a developed country earn credits by funding an emission-cutting project in another developed country.

International Emission Trading allows countries to buy and sell surplus emission allowances.

The Clean Development Mechanism lets developed nations invest in emission-reducing projects in developing countries for credits.

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions belong to the later Paris Agreement, not Kyoto.

The Common Minimum Programme is a political policy agenda and not a climate mechanism at all.

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