Which of the following statements are logically contradictory to each other?

1.All philosophers are industrialists

2.Some philosophers are not industrialists

3.No philosophers are industrialists

4.No industrialists are philosophers

A1 & 2 only ✓ Correct

B1, 3 & 4 only

C1 & 3 only

D3 & 4 only

Correct answer: (A) 1 & 2 only

Explanation

Only Statement 1 and Statement 2 form a contradictory pair.

Statement 1 is the universal affirmative A: All philosophers are industrialists.

Statement 2 is the particular negative O: Some philosophers are not industrialists.

An A and its corresponding O always take opposite truth values, the mark of contradiction.

Statements 3 and 4 are both universal negatives and are equivalent, not contradictory to these.

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