Which of the following statements are so related that they cannot both be true, although both may be false?

1.All fungi are living beings

2.No fungi are living beings

3.Some fungi are living beings

4.Some fungi are not living beings

A1 & 3 only

B3 & 4 only

C1 & 2 only ✓ Correct

D1 & 4 only

Correct answer: (C) 1 & 2 only

Explanation

Statement 1 and Statement 2 cannot both be true yet can both be false, marking them contraries.

Statement 1 is the universal affirmative A: All fungi are living beings.

Statement 2 is the universal negative E: No fungi are living beings.

Two universals of opposite quality about the same terms are contraries.

Contraries exclude joint truth but permit joint falsity, exactly the relation asked for.

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