Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
Which of the following statements are true?
- In inductive reasoning, the conclusion is deterministic
- Inductive arguments are properly characterised as strong and weak
- In logical reasoning, truth or falsehood is usually attributed to propositions
- Validity or invalidity is always predicated of deductive arguments
- The falsehood of a valid deductive argument's conclusion guarantees that a premise is false
A2, 3, 4 and 5 ✓ Correct
B1, 2 and 3
C1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
D3, 4 and 5
Correct answer: (A) 2, 3, 4 and 5 — Statements 2, 3, 4 and 5 are true, so that is the answer.
Explanation
★Statements 2, 3, 4 and 5 are true, so that is the answer.
★Statement one is false: inductive conclusions are probable, not deterministic.
★Inductive arguments are rightly graded as strong or weak.
★Truth and falsity are properties of propositions, not of whole arguments.
★Validity applies to deductive arguments, and a false conclusion of a valid argument means a premise is false.
★So the answer is 2, 3, 4 and 5.
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