Which of the following statements are true?
1.In inductive reasoning, the conclusion is deterministic
2.Inductive arguments are properly characterised as strong and weak
3.In logical reasoning, truth or falsehood is usually attributed to propositions
4.Validity or invalidity is always predicated of deductive arguments
5.The falsehood of a valid deductive argument's conclusion guarantees that a premise is false
A2, 3, 4 and 5 ✓ Correct
B1, 2 and 3
C1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
D3, 4 and 5
Correct answer: (A) 2, 3, 4 and 5
Explanation
Inductive arguments are called strong or weak, truth attaches to propositions, validity is predicated of deductive arguments, and a false conclusion of a valid deduction forces a false premise (Statements 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Induction yields only probability, so its arguments are graded strong or weak, not deterministic.
Truth and falsity are borne by propositions, while validity belongs to whole deductive arguments.
If a valid argument has a false conclusion, at least one premise must be false, since valid form preserves truth.
The claim that inductive conclusions are deterministic is false, so the first statement drops out.
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