Which of the following steps of inference, according to the classical Indian school of logic, involves the application of the universal concomitance to the particular present case?

1.Socrates is mortal

2.Because he is a man

3.Whoever is a man is mortal, for example Pythagoras

4.Socrates is a man who is invariably mortal

5.Therefore Socrates is mortal

A1, 2 & 5 only

B3 & 4 only

C2 & 4 only

D4 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 4 only

Explanation

Applying the universal concomitance to the present case is the step upanaya, here Statement 4.

The five-membered Nyaya inference runs pratijna, hetu, udaharana, upanaya, nigamana.

Statement 3 states the universal rule with an example, which is udaharana, not the application.

Statement 4, Socrates is a man who is invariably mortal, subsumes the case under that universal rule.

This subsumption of the particular under the concomitance is upanaya alone.

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