Which of the following steps of inference corresponds to application (upanaya) according to classical Indian logicians?

AThis hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire ✓ Correct

BThe hill has fire

CWhatever has smoke has fire, for example an oven

DBecause it has smoke

Correct answer: (A) This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire

Explanation

The application, upanaya, is "this hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire".

Upanaya applies the general rule to the case in hand.

The universal that whatever has smoke has fire is stated in the example step.

Upanaya then subsumes the present hill under that established rule.

Recognising the mark in the subject as tied to the major term is the application.

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