Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
UGC NET December 2021 June 2022 (21.09.2022) Shift-II
Which of the following steps of inference corresponds to application (upanaya) according to classical Indian logicians?
AThis hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire ✓ Correct
BThe hill has fire
CWhatever has smoke has fire, for example an oven
DBecause it has smoke
Correct answer: (A) This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire — The answer is 'This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire'.
Explanation
★The answer is 'This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire'.
★Upanaya is the application step that brings the general rule to the present case.
★It restates that this very hill has the smoke that always goes with fire.
★So this statement corresponds to the application, upanaya.
★It links the observed sign to the established rule.
★The other statements are the thesis, the reason or the conclusion.
★So the answer is 'This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire'.
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