According to the classical Indian school of logic, which of the following steps of inference involves the application of the universal concomitance to the present case?

1.This hill has fire

2.Because it has smoke

3.Whatever has smoke has fire, for example an oven

4.This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire

5.Therefore the hill has fire

A3 & 5 only

B2 & 3 only

C3 only

D4 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 4 only

Explanation

The step applying the universal to the case is upanaya, Statement 4.

The universal concomitance says whatever has smoke has fire.

Statement 4, 'this hill has smoke invariably associated with fire,' brings that rule onto the present hill.

This application of vyapti to the subject is the upanaya member.

It readies the ground for the concluding nigamana.

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