Political Science · Political Theory
UGC NET June 2025 Political Science
Arne Naess coined the term:
ADeep Ecology ✓ Correct
BHomeostasis
CIntegral Humanism
DVolksgeist
Correct answer: (A) Deep Ecology — Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher, coined the term Deep Ecology in his 1973 article The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement.
Explanation
★Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher, coined the term Deep Ecology in his 1973 article The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement.
★Deep ecology holds that all living beings have intrinsic value independent of their usefulness to human needs, and therefore demands systemic change in human-nature relations, not mere pollution control.
★Naess opposed it to shallow ecology, the anthropocentric fight against pollution and resource depletion for human benefit, and with George Sessions he set out the eight-point deep ecology platform in 1984.
★Homeostasis, the self-regulation of a system, is Walter B. Cannon's term, elaborated in The Wisdom of the Body (1932); in ecological debates it surfaces through James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis of a self-regulating Earth.
★Integral Humanism is the philosophy of Deendayal Upadhyaya, delivered as lectures in 1965, integrating body, mind, intellect and soul against both capitalism and communism.
★Volksgeist, the spirit of the people, comes from Johann Gottfried Herder and was later carried into the historical school of jurisprudence by Savigny.
★Spotting cue: NET rotates exactly these coinages; map Naess to deep ecology, Cannon to homeostasis, Upadhyaya to integral humanism, Herder to Volksgeist, and the question solves itself.
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