For optimizing self-learning, which of the following motivational principles will be the most helpful?

Providing scope to satisfy the need for competence best optimizes self-learning, since a sense of mastery drives intrinsic motivation.

Using reward and punishment relies on extrinsic control, which weakens self-directed learning.

Fulfilling the relatedness need supports belonging but not autonomous mastery directly.

Promoting concern for status needs is externally oriented and can distract from learning itself.

Competence, autonomy and relatedness are the three needs in Self-Determination Theory.

Deci and Ryan developed Self-Determination Theory around intrinsic motivation.