From the following, identify those which are called non-probability sampling procedures:

1.Systematic sampling

2.Quota sampling

3.Stratified sampling

4.Purposive sampling

5.Snowball sampling

A1, 2 and 3 only

B2, 3 and 4 only

C2, 4 and 5 only ✓ Correct

D3, 4 and 5 only

Correct answer: (C) 2, 4 and 5 only

Explanation

The non-probability procedures here are quota, purposive, and snowball sampling, giving two, four and five.

Systematic sampling is a probability method using a fixed interval, so statement one is excluded.

Quota sampling is non-probability because units are filled by category without randomization.

Stratified sampling is a probability method, so statement three is excluded.

Purposive and snowball sampling both rely on judgment or referral, confirming four and five.

Snowball sampling grows a sample through referrals from earlier respondents.

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