Paper 1 · Research Aptitude
UGC NET June 2023 (13.06.2023) Shift-I
Given below are two statements. Statement I: The standard deviation of a series of repeated measurements estimates the likely size of the chance error in a single measurement. Statement II: Bias affects all the measurements the same way, pushing them in the same direction. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.
- Statement I: The standard deviation of a series of repeated measurements estimates the likely size of the chance error in a single measurement.
- Statement II: Bias affects all the measurements the same way, pushing them in the same direction.
ABoth Statement I and Statement II are true ✓ Correct
BBoth Statement I and Statement II are false
CStatement I is true but Statement II is false
DStatement I is false but Statement II is true
Correct answer: (A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true — Both statements are true, so the answer is that both Statement I and Statement II are true.
Explanation
★Both statements are true, so the answer is that both Statement I and Statement II are true.
★The standard deviation measures the spread of repeated readings around their mean.
★That spread reflects random or chance error, so it estimates the likely error in any single measurement.
★Chance error is random, changing in size and direction from one reading to the next, and it averages out over many trials.
★Bias is systematic error, and it shifts every reading in the same direction by a similar amount.
★Because bias does not cancel out on averaging, repeating a measurement cannot remove it.
★Reducing chance error needs more repetitions, but reducing bias needs better calibration or corrected procedure.
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