Identify the threats to internal validity. Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

1.Selection threat

2.Maturation threat

3.Attrition threat

4.Testing threat

A1, 2, 3 only

B2, 3, 4 only

C1, 3, 4 only

D1, 2, 3, 4 ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4

Explanation

Selection, maturation, attrition, and testing are all recognised threats to internal validity.

Selection threat arises when the groups differ before the treatment begins.

Maturation threat arises from natural changes in participants over time.

Attrition threat arises when participants drop out unevenly across groups.

Testing threat arises when a pre test alters performance on a later test.

History, instrumentation, and regression are further internal validity threats.

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