The ability of an individual to think about one's own thought processes, self-monitor and modify one's learning strategies as necessary is termed as

Thinking about one's own thought processes, self monitoring and adjusting learning strategies as needed is metacognition.

It is often summed up as cognition about cognition, the learner's control over his or her own thinking.

Self regulation is the broader steering of behaviour and emotion towards goals, of which metacognition is the thinking side.

Simple cognition is ordinary first order processing like perceiving or remembering, without reflecting on it.

The none option fails because a precise term, metacognition, names this ability.

John Flavell coined the term metacognition, identifying metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.