The expenditure on research and innovation in India, at present, is only about what percent of GDP?

India's spending on research and innovation is presently only about 0.69 percent of GDP.

A figure of 0.20 percent understates the actual level.

A figure of 1.31 percent overstates current research spending.

A figure of 2.14 percent is well above India's real expenditure.

NEP 2020 flags this low investment as a barrier to a knowledge economy.

It proposes a National Research Foundation to substantially raise research funding.