The validity and reliability of a research will be at stake when

AThe incident is reported after a long period of time from its occurrence

BThe author who is a source of information is biased and incompetent

CThe researcher is not competent enough to draw logical conclusions

DAll of the above ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) All of the above

Explanation

Validity and reliability are jeopardised in all three circumstances, so All of the above holds.

Reporting an incident long after it occurred invites memory distortion.

A biased and incompetent source author corrupts the information at its origin.

A researcher unable to draw logical conclusions undermines the inferences drawn.

Each single flaw alone can already weaken the trustworthiness of findings.

Source criticism, internal and external, guards against such threats.

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