'To pass any competitive exam, one must work hard.' Which of the following follows?

AGetting good grades needs hard work

BAll those who work hard pass

CCandidates who work hard overcome exam anxiety

DWithout hard work, one does not pass the competitive exam ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) Without hard work, one does not pass the competitive exam

Explanation

It follows that without hard work one does not pass the competitive exam.

The premise makes hard work a necessary condition for passing.

A necessary condition, if absent, blocks the result.

So no hard work means no passing of the exam.

This contrapositive reading is the valid consequence.

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