When, in a process of reasoning, observation is followed by theory, hypotheses and interpretation, that approach to research is known as

When reasoning moves from observation to theory, hypotheses, and interpretation, the approach is inductive.

Induction builds general conclusions upward from specific observed instances.

Formulative is another name for exploratory study, not this reasoning direction.

Standardised refers to uniform procedures, not a logic of inference.

Deductive reasoning runs the other way, from theory down to hypotheses and then observation.

Induction yields probable rather than logically certain conclusions.