Which of the following are true regarding Upamana as a means of knowledge according to the Nyaya school?

1.It is knowledge derived from comparison

2.It roughly corresponds to analogy

3.It is defined as knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation

4.It is a kind of anumana (inference)

A1, 2, 3 and 4

B1 and 2 only

C1, 2 and 3 only ✓ Correct

D1, 2 and 4 only

Correct answer: (C) 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation

Upamana is comparison, akin to analogy, and defined by the word-object relation, so 1, 2 and 3 hold.

It is the knowledge that arises through comparison with something already known.

In broad terms it corresponds to reasoning by analogy.

Naiyayikas define it as knowing the relation between a name and the object it denotes.

They treat it as an independent means of knowledge, not as a species of inference.

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