Paper 1 · Research Aptitude
Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a research study?
AGender
BEthnicity
CIntelligence and other inborn traits
DAll of the above ✓ Correct
Correct answer: (D) All of the above — Gender, ethnicity and inborn traits like intelligence all cannot be manipulated, so the answer is all of the above.
Explanation
★Gender, ethnicity and inborn traits like intelligence all cannot be manipulated, so the answer is all of the above.
★To manipulate a variable, the researcher must be able to assign or change it at will.
★Gender is a fixed characteristic of the participant and cannot be assigned by the researcher.
★Ethnicity is likewise a given trait that cannot be changed for the study.
★Intelligence and other inborn traits are pre-existing and beyond the researcher's control.
★Since none of these can be manipulated, all of them together are the answer.
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