Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?
AThere will be a difference between the students' reading levels
BThere will be a difference between lecture and group instruction
CGroup instruction is more effective than lecture in the elementary classroom ✓ Correct
DThere will be some change in learning
Correct answer: (C) Group instruction is more effective than lecture in the elementary classroom
Explanation
A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of a difference, as in group instruction being more effective than lecture in the elementary classroom.
It states not just that groups differ but which one will score higher.
Predicting a difference between students' reading levels states no direction and is non-directional.
Predicting a difference between lecture and group instruction again omits which is superior.
Saying there will be some change in learning is vague and gives no direction at all.
A directional hypothesis usually calls for a one-tailed test of significance.
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