Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
UGC NET December 2022 (23.02.2023) Shift-I
Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?
- Some fishes are not amphibians
- Some fishes are amphibians
- Some fishes are non-amphibians
- Some non-amphibians are not non-fishes
A1 & 2 only
B1, 2 & 3 only
C1, 3 & 4 only ✓ Correct
D3 & 4 only
Correct answer: (C) 1, 3 & 4 only — The equivalent statements are the first, third and fourth, so the answer is 1, 3 and 4.
Explanation
★The equivalent statements are the first, third and fourth, so the answer is 1, 3 and 4.
★Some fishes are not amphibians is the particular negative, statement 1.
★Some fishes are non-amphibians says the same thing using the complementary predicate, matching statement 3.
★Some non-amphibians are not non-fishes is its valid contrapositive, matching statement 4.
★So statements 1, 3 and 4 all carry the same meaning.
★Some fishes are amphibians is a different, affirmative claim and is not equivalent.
★So the equivalent statements are items 1, 3 and 4.
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