Which of the following statements are true?

1.Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid

2.A sound argument may be invalid

3.A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion

4.A statement may be true or false

A1 and 2

B1, 3 and 4

C4 only

D3 and 4 ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 3 and 4

Explanation

The true statements are that a cogent argument may still have a false conclusion and that a statement may be true or false (Statements 3 and 4).

Being inductive, even a cogent argument does not guarantee its conclusion, so that conclusion can turn out false.

Statements, unlike arguments, are the proper bearers of truth and falsity.

Validity admits no degrees, so no argument is merely almost valid, which defeats the first claim.

A sound argument is by definition valid, so it cannot be invalid, defeating the second claim.

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