Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
Which of the following statements are true?
- Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid
- A sound argument may be invalid
- A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion
- A statement may be true or false
A1 and 2
B1, 3 and 4
C4 only
D3 and 4 ✓ Correct
Correct answer: (D) 3 and 4 — Statements 3 and 4 are true, so that is the answer.
Explanation
★Statements 3 and 4 are true, so that is the answer.
★Validity is all-or-nothing, so 'almost valid' is not a real category, making statement 1 false.
★A sound argument is valid by definition, so statement 2 is false.
★A cogent argument is inductively strong, yet induction is non-conclusive, so its conclusion may still be probably false.
★A statement, being a proposition, may be true or false, so statement 4 is true.
★So the answer is 3 and 4.
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