Which of the following statements is/are true? Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

1.A valid argument may have false premises and a true conclusion.

2.An invalid argument may have false premises and a true conclusion.

3.An invalid argument may have true premises and a false conclusion.

4.A valid argument may have true premises and a false conclusion.

A1, 2, 3, 4

B2, 3 only

C1, 4 only

D1, 2, 3 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 only

Explanation

Three claims hold: a valid argument may have false premises with a true conclusion, and an invalid one may have any mix except the forbidden valid case.

A valid argument can carry false premises yet reach a true conclusion, since validity is about form.

An invalid argument can have false premises and a true conclusion, because invalidity constrains nothing.

An invalid argument can equally have true premises and a false conclusion, again unconstrained.

Only a valid argument with true premises and a false conclusion is impossible, for that is what validity rules out.

So the three permissible combinations are true and the fourth is barred.

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