A process of reasoning proceeding from a theory or hypothesis to systematic observation and conclusion is called

Reasoning that moves from a theory or hypothesis toward systematic observation and conclusion is the deductive approach.

The inductive approach works the other way, from observations toward theory.

The discourse approach analyses language and talk, not this logical direction.

The phenomenological approach explores lived subjective experience.

Deduction tests general premises through specific empirical checks.

It underlies the hypothetico-deductive model of science.