According to Nyaya (the classical Indian school of logic), which of the following arguments involves the fallacy of viruddha?

AThe hill has smoke because it has fire

BSound is eternal because it is produced ✓ Correct

CThe hill has fire because it is knowable

DSound is eternal because it is audible

Correct answer: (B) Sound is eternal because it is produced

Explanation

"Sound is eternal because it is produced" commits viruddha.

Viruddha is the contradictory reason that proves the opposite of the thesis.

Whatever is produced is invariably non-eternal, not eternal.

So the hetu "produced" establishes non-eternality, the reverse of the claim.

A reason disproving its own conclusion is the viruddha hetvabhasa.

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