According to the classical Indian school of logic, which of the following are names of fallacies involving contradiction of the middle term by another middle term? Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
1.Svarupa-siddha
2.Badhita
3.Vyapyatva-siddha
4.Viruddha
A2 and 4 only
B1 and 3 only
C3 and 4 only ✓ Correct
D3 only
Correct answer: (C) 3 and 4 only
Explanation
These are the reasons that fail because the pervasion tying the middle term to the major is opposed or overturned.
In viruddha the reason actually establishes the contradictory of the intended conclusion.
Such a reason, far from proving the thesis, works against it.
In vyapyatva-siddha the pervasion holds only under a hidden condition and so is not truly established.
A conditional pervasion leaves the middle term's link to the major contradicted by that condition.
Both are counted among the hetvabhasa (fallacious reasons) of Nyaya.
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