Political Science · Indian Political Thought
UGC NET October 2020 Political Science
Arrange the following in chronological order. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
- 1. Saptanga
- 2. Theory of Protection
- 3. Passive Resistance
- 4. Satyagraha
A1, 2, 3, 4 ✓ Correct
B2, 1, 4, 3
C2, 3, 4, 1
D3, 2, 4, 1
Correct answer: (A) 1, 2, 3, 4 — The correct chronological order is 1, 2, 3, 4: Saptanga, Theory of Protection, Passive Resistance, Satyagraha.
Explanation
★The correct chronological order is 1, 2, 3, 4: Saptanga, Theory of Protection, Passive Resistance, Satyagraha.
★Saptanga is the oldest, proposed by Kautilya in the 3rd century BCE as his seven-element framework of the state.
★The Theory of Protection comes next, an economic doctrine of European monarchies in the 17th and 18th centuries that shielded domestic industry through tariffs.
★Passive Resistance follows as a 19th and early 20th century method of non-violent protest and civil disobedience against authority.
★Satyagraha is the most recent, the philosophy of truth-force introduced by Mahatma Gandhi in 1906 in South Africa and developed in India from 1917.
★The sequence therefore moves from ancient statecraft to modern economic policy to forms of non-violent struggle.
★Satyagraha differs from mere passive resistance because Gandhi grounded it in truth and active moral courage, not weakness.
★Gandhi first organised Satyagraha in South Africa in 1906 against the Transvaal Asiatic ordinance aimed at local Indians.
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