As per the classical Indian school of logic (Nyaya), verbal testimony (sabda pramana) includes which of the following? Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

1.Only injunctive sentences

2.Words of a scripture

3.Words of any teacher

4.Words of a trustworthy person

A1 and 3 only

B2 and 4 only ✓ Correct

C1 and 2 only

D1, 2, 3 and 4

Correct answer: (B) 2 and 4 only

Explanation

For Nyaya verbal testimony covers the words of a scripture and the words of a trustworthy person.

Sabda is the statement of a reliable, competent speaker, an apta.

Scripture counts because it issues from such trustworthy authority.

The words of a trustworthy person likewise carry valid testimony.

The speaker's reliability, not the mere role of teacher, grounds the validity.

Restricting it to injunctions or to just any teacher misplaces that basis.

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