Match List I (Threats to internal validity) with List II (Description) and choose the correct answer from the options given below.
List I
i.Maturation threat
ii.Attrition threat
iii.History threat
iv.Testing threat
List II
a.When participants' behaviour changes as a function of having been tested previously
b.When some event outside the research project affects participants systematically
c.Occurs because of short or long term changes in a participant due to psychological changes like boredom, fatigue etc.
d.When participants drop out of a study, leading to a change in the nature of the sample
Ai-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
Bi-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a ✓ Correct
Ci-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
Di-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b
Correct answer: (B) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
Explanation
The correct match is maturation with internal psychological change like boredom, attrition with participants dropping out, history with an outside event, and testing with prior-test effects.
Maturation threat arises from short or long term changes within participants such as fatigue.
Attrition threat occurs when participants drop out, altering the sample's nature.
History threat comes from an event outside the study affecting participants systematically.
Testing threat appears when behaviour changes because participants were tested before.
All four are recognised threats to a study's internal validity.
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