When the sample has been randomly selected, which of the following may be expected in cross-sectional research designs? Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

1.Strong external validity

2.Weak external validity

3.Weak internal validity

4.Strong internal validity

A1 and 3 only ✓ Correct

B1 and 4 only

C2 and 3 only

D2 and 4 only

Correct answer: (A) 1 and 3 only

Explanation

A randomly selected cross-sectional design tends to have strong external validity and weak internal validity, so statements 1 and 3 are correct.

Random selection makes the sample representative, boosting generalisation and external validity.

The absence of manipulation and time order weakens causal, internal validity.

Statement 2 weak external validity is wrong because random sampling strengthens it.

Statement 4 strong internal validity is wrong because cross-sectional data cannot establish causation.

Establishing internal validity typically needs experimental control over variables.

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