Match List I with List II:

List I

i.Modelling

ii.Coaching

iii.Scaffolding

iv.Articulation

List II

a.Helping the learner by stating and gradually fading support

b.Observing the performance of an expert

c.Giving words to one's understanding of the process and content

d.Giving external support to the learner in the form of hints, feedback, reminders, etc.

Ai-d, ii-a, iii-c, iv-b

Bi-c, ii-b, iii-d, iv-a

Ci-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c ✓ Correct

Di-a, ii-c, iii-d, iv-b

Correct answer: (C) i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c

Explanation

Modelling (i) is observing the performance of an expert (b), the learner watching how a skilled person carries out the task.

Coaching (ii) is giving external support in the form of hints, feedback and reminders (d) while the learner practises.

Scaffolding (iii) is helping the learner by stating support and gradually fading it (a) as competence grows.

Articulation (iv) is giving words to one's understanding of the process and content (c), making tacit reasoning explicit.

These are methods within the cognitive apprenticeship framework for teaching complex skills.

Collins, Brown and Newman proposed cognitive apprenticeship, extending traditional apprenticeship to cognitive tasks.

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