The Naiyayikas explain five members of the syllogism, illustrated by 'the hill is fiery because it has smoke'. Which of the following members is incorrectly stated?

1.Pratijna: The hill is fiery (S is P)

2.Hetu: Because it smokes (S is M)

3.Udaharana: Whatever smokes is fiery, as in a hearth (M is P)

4.Upanaya: So, like the hearth, the hill is smoky (S is M)

AOnly 1

BOnly 2

COnly 3

DAll of the above are correctly stated ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) All of the above are correctly stated

Explanation

Each of the four listed members is stated correctly.

Pratijna asserts the thesis, the hill is fiery, as S is P.

Hetu gives the reason, because it smokes, as S is M.

Udaharana states the universal with an example, whatever smokes is fiery like a hearth, M is P.

Upanaya applies it, the hill smokes as the hearth does, S is M.

No member among these is misdescribed.

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