When the test data tell us about a student's level of proficiency in a defined area, the procedure of evaluation is called

Criterion-referenced testing reports a student's mastery within a defined content area against a set standard.

Formative evaluation (A) monitors ongoing progress during instruction.

Summative evaluation (B) certifies overall achievement at course end.

Norm-referenced testing (C) compares a student's score with those of peers.

Its focus is what a learner can do, not the learner's rank.

Glaser coined criterion-referenced measurement in 1963.