Which of the following are TRUE:

1.For the Nyāya, knowledge of Abhāva is acquired through Anupalabdhi Pramāṇa.

2.The Nyāya makes a distinction between Laukika and Alaukika Pratyakṣa.

3.The Nyāya reduces Arthāpatti to Anumāna.

4.The Nyāya accepts the validity of Upamāna as a Pramāṇa.

A1 & 2 only

B2 & 3 only

C2, 3 & 4 only ✓ Correct

D1, 2, 3 & 4

Correct answer: (C) 2, 3 & 4 only

Explanation

Statements 2, 3 and 4 are true, while Statement 1 is false.

Statement 1 is false because Nyaya does not accept anupalabdhi as a separate pramana; it knows absence through perception.

Statement 2 is true, as Nyaya distinguishes ordinary (laukika) from extraordinary (alaukika) perception.

Statement 3 is true, since Nyaya folds arthapatti into inference rather than treating it as independent.

Statement 4 is true, for Nyaya accepts upamana, comparison, as a valid pramana.

Nyaya recognises four pramanas: perception, inference, comparison and testimony.

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