Which of the following is said to occur without reinforcement of particular responses and seems to involve changes in the way information is processed?

Latent learning occurs without reinforcement of particular responses and shows only when there is incentive to perform.

Passive learning (A) refers to receiving information without active engagement, not this hidden-until-needed learning.

Active learning (C) involves the learner's direct participation, the opposite of a reinforcement-free hidden process.

Insight learning (D) is sudden perception of relationships, studied by Kohler, not unreinforced latent change.

Edward Tolman demonstrated latent learning with rats in mazes, supporting cognitive maps.

It challenged strict behaviourism by showing learning can happen without visible reward.