Which of the following is the process of observation, scaffolding and increasingly independent practice through which a learner can advance towards expertise?

Cognitive apprenticeship is the process of observation, scaffolding and increasingly independent practice leading toward expertise.

Adaptation (B) is adjusting to the environment, not this expert-novice learning process.

Modification (C) is a general change, not the structured path to expertise.

Concept mapping (D) is a visual tool for organising ideas, not an apprenticeship process.

It makes expert thinking visible through modelling, coaching and scaffolding.

Collins, Brown and Newman developed the cognitive apprenticeship model.