Which of the following is true regarding the Nyaya view of invariable concomitance?

1.It is determined by an inductive process of reasoning which corresponds to Mill's method of agreement and method of difference

2.It is based on the concomitance of affirmatives, that wherever a product exists the material cause thereof exists

3.It is based on the concomitance of negatives, that wherever a material cause does not exist the product thereof does not exist

4.The Nyaya view of the inductive process does not correspond to Mill's method of agreement and method of difference

A1, 3 & 4 only

B2, 3 & 4 only

C2 & 3 only

D1, 2 & 3 only ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 2 & 3 only

Explanation

Vyapti is settled by induction and by both positive and negative concomitance.

The inductive determination of invariable concomitance parallels Mill's method of agreement and method of difference (Statement 1).

Positive concomitance (anvaya) notes that wherever the product exists its material cause exists (Statement 2).

Negative concomitance (vyatireka) notes that where the material cause is absent the product is absent (Statement 3).

These three together characterise the Nyaya account of invariable concomitance.

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